TOTAL SOLIDS
AIM:- To
determine the total solids, total organic solids and total inorganic solids in
the sample water.
APPARATUS:-
- Oven or stream bath.
- Balance
- Crucible or dish
- Muffle furnace.
THEORY:-
The sum total of foreign matter present in water is termed as total solids.
Total solids is the matter that remains as residue after evaporation of the
sample and its subsequent drying at a temperature of 103 to 1050C.
This includes the solids in suspension, colloidal and in dissolved form. The
quantity of suspended solids is determined by filtering the sample of water
through a fine filter and then drying and weighing the filter. The quantity of
dissolved and colloidal solids is determined by evaporating the filtered water
and weighing the residue. The total solids in a sample water can be directly
determined by evaporating the water and weighing the residue. The total solids
consists of volatile (organic) and non-volatile (inorganic or fixed). If the
residue of total solids is fused in a muffle furnace, the organic compounds
decompose where as only inorganic solids will remain. By weighing we can
determine the inorganic solids and deducting it from total solids, we can
calculate organic solids. The solids are added to water by sewage, industrial
wastes, mineral content, silt, clay and organic matter.
RELAVENCE:-
Solids affects the water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways.
Water with high solids concentration generally of inferior palatability, and
may induce an unfavorable physiological effects on human system. Highly
mineralized waters also are unsuitable for many industrial applications. The
permissible amount of total solids in domestic water supplies is limited to
500ppm, although higher amounts upto 1000ppm are also sometimes permitted.
Waters with very high levels of non-filterable residue may be aesthetically
objectable for bathing. The determination of solids help in the design of
sedimentation and coagulation units.
PROCEDURE:-
i)
Weigh an empty dish or crucible and note down it weight
as “W1” grams.
ii)
Measure a suitable volume of sample water and place it
in a dish.
iii)
Place the dish into a steam bath or oven and evaporate
the water.
iv)
Remove the dish from the oven and place it in a
disiccator and allow it to cool. After it has cooled to room temperature,
measure the weight of dish along with solids (i.e. residue). Let this weight be
“W2” grams.
v)
Place the dish in the muffle furnace at a temperature
of 550 + 500C and ignite for 15 to 20 minutes.
vi)
Remove the dish from muffle furnace and place it in
disiccator, allow it to cool to room temperature. Take the weight of the dish
as “W3” grams.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Empty weight of crucible = w1 (g) =
Weight of crucible after evaporation water = w2
(g) =
Weight of crucible after keeping in muffle furnace = w3
(g) =
CALCULATIONS:-
Total solids in mg/lit =
(W2 – W1)*1000*1000
ml of
sample water
Total volatile solids in mg/lit = (W2 – W3)*1000*1000
ml of sample water
Total fixed solids in mg/lit = Total solids – Volatile
solids.
RESULTS:-
INTERPRETATION OF
RESULTS:-
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